http://nityasworld.com/index.php India Counts]]> Copyright 2008, nityanandparab@yahoo.com (Nityanand) nityanandparab@yahoo.com (Nityanand) en-US SPHPBLOG 0.5.1 http://nityasworld.com/index.php?entry=entry081117-090521
But if you have not created a swap partition while installing Linux then you can follow the steps given below to create a swap file in existing file system.

You need to use dd command to create swapfile. Next you need to use mkswap command to set up a Linux swap area on a device or in a file.

a) Login as the root user

b) Type following command to create 512MB swap file (1024 * 512MB = 524288 block size):
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile1 bs=1024 count=524288
If you would like to keep 1GB of swpafile then count will be 1048576
If you would like to keep 2GB of swpafile then count will be 2097152

c) Set up a Linux swap area by giving command :
# mkswap /swapfile1



d) Activate /swapfile1 swap space immediately:
# swapon /swapfile1

e) To activate /swapfile1 after Linux system reboot, add entry to /etc/fstab file. Open this file using text editor such as vi:
# vi /etc/fstab

Append following line to the fstab file :
/swapfile1 swap swap defaults 0 0

So next time Linux comes up after reboot, it enables the new swap file for you automatically.

g) How do I verify swap is activated or not?
Simply use free command:
# free -m

This will complete your configuration of making a swap file.
You can also see the usage of swap file by giving command
#top -c


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]]> Technology http://nityasworld.com/index.php?entry=entry081117-090521 nityanandparab@yahoo.com (Nityanand) Mon, 17 Nov 2008 09:05:21 GMT http://nityasworld.com/index.php?entry=entry081114-051732 what was behind this crisis and how it is going to impact us.All this you can know from this site.The links to various topics are given.

The other interesting blog I got about Warren Buffet is this one.


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]]> Useful Stuff http://nityasworld.com/index.php?entry=entry081114-051732 nityanandparab@yahoo.com (Nityanand) Fri, 14 Nov 2008 05:17:32 GMT http://nityasworld.com/index.php?entry=entry081106-144750 Few days ago I attanded a training on PortWise SSL VPN.Here, are some important points for the same.
First, for the VPN technologies there are two options available.Those are IPSEC VPN and SSL VPN.In IPSEC VPN the client is mainly
static that means the VPN software has to be installed on the machine where you have to access VPN.So it gets pretty difficult when the user is roaming like the sales guys.
So for the roaming clients there is option available which is SSL VPN.In SSL VPN a small tiny Activex cleint gets loaded which is used for getting the access to the main VPN server through
any browser.

Here is some information on PortWise SSL VPN product.
There are mainly six stages from connection establihment to termination.

The first one is Assess the client machine from which the connection will get established.

There are some conditions which has to be satisfied before allowing the access to your internal nework via VPN.The requirements
can be a specific Antivirus software with latest virus definitions, specific Operaing System with lates patches, Specific Antispyware
with latest definitions, or a specific MAC address.If these conditions are not met then the connection does not get established between client and the VPN server.
These connections simply get refused.

The second one is Authenticate.
It supports following authentication methods
1.Integrated authentication
PortWise Web, Synchronized, Challenge, Mobile Text, and Password
2.Third party client authentication
RADIUS
3.Third party server authentication
RSA SecurID, SafeWord, Active Directory, LDAP etc.
4.Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)
Multiple Certificate Authority (CA) support
Certificate Revocation List (CRL), Control Distribution Point (CDP) support

The third one is Authorize stage.
It determines which applications a user gains access to.
It supports
Policy based authorization based on:
-Group Membership
-AuthenticationType
-Source IP Address
-Date & Time
-Assessment

It Integrates with existing infrastructure It may be Microsoft Active Directory, OpenLDAP, Novell eDirectory Services, etc.




Next stage is Access.It creates a secure encrypted network tunnel between the users device and the application
It supports Mainframe, Client/Server, Web, Terminal Server and File Server application support
Portal-based to mask complexity
Extensible API for custom development
PortWise Access Client
Native Windows, pure Java (Mac/Linux), native Symbian and Pocket PC


The next stage is Audit.
You can audit who accessed which application, when they did it, and what was downloaded
Features are
-Central logging
-Log Viewer
-Debug logging capability
-UNIX syslog/Windows event log

The last stage is Abolish.
In this stage ALL traces of access to the corporate network on completion of the session are removed.
Browsers are renowned for creating a “snail trail” of information during an access session
All traces of access including below are eradicated:
-Cookies
-URL history
-Cached Pages
-Registry Entries
-Downloadable Components

The PortWise network consists of following services.
Administration service,Access point, Policy service, and Authentication service.
These services can be run on either one server or on different servers.The best practice is to keep them on different servers.

The Administrative service provide below things
-Web-based administration interface
-Task-oriented approach
-Wizards for common tasks
-Interface adapted to features included in the license
-Context-sensitive online user assistance

Access point service Handles access decisions, Web access. WAP access, Access Client
You can configure authorization settings and set encryption level, protect specific paths with access rules

Under Policy service you can manage security policies, access rules, users.
Security policy management
-Authenticates
-Audits
-Validates certificates as well as digital signatures

Access rules
-Who wants access
-Which resource is requested
-Through which communication channel
-Which authentication method is required

-User Management

Authentication service manages authentication.The supported authentication methods are
-Web
-Mobile Text
-Challenge
-Synchronized
-Password
It also supports Radius based authentication.



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]]> Technology http://nityasworld.com/index.php?entry=entry081106-144750 nityanandparab@yahoo.com (Nityanand) Thu, 06 Nov 2008 14:47:50 GMT http://nityasworld.com/index.php?entry=entry080909-110138
1.Create a user by giving command usradd and set password by giving command passwd
2.Login with that username
3.Give command ssh-keygen - t rsa
Press Enter for below options
Enter file in which to save the key
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase)
Enter same passphrase again:
Then it will show the message

Your identification has been saved in /home/user/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /home/user/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
a2:00:c1:84:d3:7a:4b:bc:52:f2:a1:e1:5d:c5:cc:40 user@machine

This will generate the rsa key for that particular user and will create 2 files in .ssh folder in that users home directory.The path will be /home/user/.ssh
the 2 files will be id_rsa and id_rsa.pub
4.We have to copy the id_rsa.pub file in the remote machine for which we need passwordless login.The same user must exist on the remote machine
and the contents of the same has to be copied in authorized_keys file
by giving
cat id_rsa.pub >> authorized_keys
command



5.Then on the remote machine we have to change the below options in sshd_config file present in the /etc/ssh directory.

RSAAuthentication yes
AuthorizedKeysFile .ssh/authorized_keys
#PasswordAuthentication yes
#PermitEmptyPasswords no
ChallengeResponseAuthentication yes
UsePAM no

These options are necessary for password less login to work.

6.Now restart the sshd service by giving the service sshd restart command.This will not terminate your existing session.
7.Try logging the user and it should go without the password.If still it is asking the password then check the file permissions for authorized_keys file
present on the remote machine.It should be 644(-rw-r--r--).

This should solve your problem of password less login.


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]]> Technology http://nityasworld.com/index.php?entry=entry080909-110138 nityanandparab@yahoo.com (Nityanand) Tue, 09 Sep 2008 11:01:38 GMT http://nityasworld.com/index.php?entry=entry080812-075444 routing also.The commands are mainly taken from Authorized BCMSN Guide,Cisco Press.


The URL is this.


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]]> Technology, Cisco http://nityasworld.com/index.php?entry=entry080812-075444 nityanandparab@yahoo.com (Nityanand) Tue, 12 Aug 2008 07:54:44 GMT http://nityasworld.com/index.php?entry=entry080809-095552 The URL is this



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]]> Technology, Cisco http://nityasworld.com/index.php?entry=entry080809-095552 nityanandparab@yahoo.com (Nityanand) Sat, 09 Aug 2008 09:55:52 GMT http://nityasworld.com/index.php?entry=entry080722-064920
Last time I have given a small list of the blgs I have subscribed, now more blogs I have added in my Google Reader.For the uninitiated Google reader is a RSS reader.

1.http://6200networks.com -6200networks
2.http://vcappuccio.wordpress.com - A networker blog
3.http://ardenpackeer.com - ardenpackeer.com
4.http://www.cciecandidate.com - CCIE Candidate
5.http://ccie-in-3-months.blogspot.com - CCIE in 3 Months -Is it possible?
6.http://www.sunpenguin.net - CCIE Journey
7.http://ccielab.wordpress.com - CCIE Lab preparation
8.http://cciepursuit.wordpress.com - CCIE Pursuit Blog
9.http://ccie-chronicles.blogspot.com - Chronicles of CCIE Journey
10.http://www.ciscoblog.com - Cisco Blog
11.http://ciscohacks.com - Cisco hacks:Tips, Tricks and articles about Cisco products
12.http://blog.ioshints.info - Cisco IOs Hints and tricks
13.http://blog.sazza.de - Cisco Learning Blog
14.http://cisconac.blogspot.com - Cisoc NAC Appliance blog
15.http://ciscosolution.blogspot.com - Cisco Solution
16.http://ciscotips.wordpress.com - Cisco Tips and Tricks
17.http://www.ciscohq.com - Cisco HQ
18.http://www.colinmcnamara.com - Colin McNamara , CCIE 18233
19.http://www.djerk.nl - djerk.nl
20.http://joshualixin.spaces.live.com - EICC's space
21.http://sfarhananwar.blogspot.com - Farhan Anwar, CCIE#19871
22.http://sfarhananwar.spaces.live.com -Farhan's space
23.http://gigaom.com - GigaOM
24.http://blog.humanmodem.com - Human Modem
25.http://brokenpipes.blogspot.com - Inevitable
26.http://blog.internetworkexpert.com - CCIE blog
27.http://www.networkworld.com/community/doyle - Jeff Doyle on IP Routing (Jeff Doyle's Blog)
28.http://dorreke.wordpress.com - Kevin Dorrell's CCIE Study weblog
29.http://layer1transport.blogspot.com - Layer 1 Transport
30.http://mysecretofsuccess.wordpress.com - Mysecretofsuccess's weblog
31.http://crazyvlan.blogspot.com - Networking
32.http://packetlife.net - packetlife.net
33.http://cciejourney.wordpress.com - Routereflector's blog
34.http://ertw.com - Sean's obsessions
35.http://sesano.wordpress.com - Sesano's CCIE Dream
36.http://www.blindhog.net - blindhog.net


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]]> Technology, Cisco http://nityasworld.com/index.php?entry=entry080722-064920 nityanandparab@yahoo.com (Nityanand) Tue, 22 Jul 2008 06:49:20 GMT http://nityasworld.com/index.php?entry=entry080626-052050 Also, I submitted my site to askjeeves.com and moreover.com.Moreover is used by MSN bot to get the sitesturucture(sitemap).

Here in the place of my domain name(nityasworld.com) you have to put your domain name.so the URl will become
http://api.moreover.com/ping?u=http://d ... om/rss.xml
http://submissions.ask.com/ping?sitemap ... om/rss.xml

I also created the sitemap for my site from xml-sitemaps.com and kept it on my site.Sitemaps is a protocol which is used by searchengine crawlers to get the structure of your website.You can get more info on sitemaps on this link and on wikipedia.

I got the list of free proxy sites from which you can surf anonymously.Here is the URL for the same.

Many times we go to various sites to check our pagerank,alexa rank.But this site gives you all the stuff from a single location.


You can also visit this blog for more info on submission. This is the URL which gives us info on submitting site to the directories.

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]]> Technology http://nityasworld.com/index.php?entry=entry080626-052050 nityanandparab@yahoo.com (Nityanand) Thu, 26 Jun 2008 05:20:50 GMT http://nityasworld.com/index.php?entry=entry080620-051735 2.Configuration file
3.Software image
4.Default port mode
5.Default port status
6.Configuration commands format
7.Configuration mode
8.Removing /changing the configuration

You can get the table on this URL.


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Cisco Jokes Photos Tutorials Voip Goa]]> Technology, Cisco http://nityasworld.com/index.php?entry=entry080620-051735 nityanandparab@yahoo.com (Nityanand) Fri, 20 Jun 2008 05:17:35 GMT http://nityasworld.com/index.php?entry=entry080619-065918 The table contains Catalyst 6500, 4000, 4500 3500,3700, 2900 switches.The URL for the same is this.


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Cisco Jokes Photos Tutorials Voip Goa]]> Technology, Cisco http://nityasworld.com/index.php?entry=entry080619-065918 nityanandparab@yahoo.com (Nityanand) Thu, 19 Jun 2008 06:59:18 GMT http://nityasworld.com/index.php?entry=entry080616-063222 But there are various subfields in IT which you can make your career and not just software and hardware.Lots of youngsters get confused as which field to choose in IT. This article will try to help clear there idea on the options available in IT.
But this article will mainly focus on Networking and its position in IT.
In IT infrastructure there are mainly two things
-Computer(pc) and networking component which make the IT infrastructure.

IT infra is a billion dollar industry and as per the Nasscom its revenue in India is going to touch 5 Billion by 2010.Companies require large resources of information which they store in form of databases. They store this data on the computers called Servers. These servers serve the requests from client computers. There are special Operating systems like Windows 2000, 2003, Redhat Linux, Sun Solaris which are made for stable operations and to serve with lowest MTBF(Mean Time Between Failure) that means going kaput while serving the requests and many of these have an uptime of many years.
The trained professionals are required to maintain these Operating Systems and fine tune them. Many IT companies have created IT certifications so that candidates willing to excel in that stream can take that path and concentrate on his goal.

For Microsoft Windows 2000, 2003, 2008 Microsoft has created a certification called MCSE(Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer).
Candidates who are interested in managing Windows based networks can opt for this certification. There are total 7 papers which have to be given to achieve this certification. The candidate become MCP(Microsoft Certified Professional)after giving one paper, then after giving four papers he become MCSA(Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator) out of which one paper of Exchange is required.
The detailed information is available on Microsoft URL.



Redhat Corporation has created a similar certification for candidates interested in Redhat linux OS. The certification is RHCE(Redhat Certified Engineer).This certification has only one paper which you can clear to get the certification. You can clear this paper in two phases also. If you clear the first phase then you can get a middle certification as RHCT(Redhat Certified Technician).More infor mation can be obtained from this URL.


There are also certifications for maintaining the server hardware like Blade servers and SAN media. The blade servers are mainly used in data centers where a large pool of servers is required. The SAN(Storage Area Network) is the concept used to store large chunks of data mainly in Terabytes and petabytes.

Now we will come to the part of networking. There are few companies like Cisco, Juniper which provides the certifications. Out of which Cisco has a greater share of Global networking market with around 80%.Cisco has designed a career path for candidates pursuing there interests in Networking.
They have created a hierarchy so candidates get step by step wiser. The first level is CCNA(Cisco Certified Network Associate) which gives you the basic
understanding of networking. The second level is for candidate who is aspiring more in networking. The certification is CCNP(Cisco Certified Networking professional)
The third level is for the master which can be considered of Phd of networking. It is the highest sought degree by a networking professional. It is CCIE(Cisco Certified Internetworking Expert).It gives the candidate a challenging career with high rewards. A candidate with CCIE in hand gets $100000 easily.

Further Cisco has created tracks for various of its network operations. They are mainly R&S(Routing and Switching),SP(Service Provider)
Security, Voice. Here R&S is the general track and candidates who would like to take specialization can choose as they desire.More information for Cisco certifications is available on this URL.

These are some global certifications which are available in Indian market and are really in demand. These are valid globally and do not depend on your local area.A MCSE or CCIE degree in India holds the same value in US, Australia or Europe. And they do not require any prequalification to give the exam. You can just appear for the exam by booking it and you don’t have to wait for a month for the results to come as they take a live exam (online-Internet based).

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]]> Technology http://nityasworld.com/index.php?entry=entry080616-063222 nityanandparab@yahoo.com (Nityanand) Mon, 16 Jun 2008 06:32:22 GMT http://nityasworld.com/index.php?entry=entry080613-112919
Scalability based features
-Supports upto 32 Gbps of traffic forwarding at Layer 2 or Layer 3
-Supports jumbo frames upto 9018 bytes
-Baby Giants
-Upto 48 10/100/1000 Fast Ethernet ports or 48 10/100/1000 Gigabit Ethernet ports(3750G models)
-Integration for voice, video and data
-Inline power for IP phones and adhere to the 802.3af standards
-Support for Cisco Gigastack or StackWise technology for switch stacking


High Availability based features
-HSRP and VRRP
-1:N stateful redundancy for stack forwarding redundancy(Catalyst 3750 only)
-802.1d/802.1s/802.1w Spanning Tree redundancy
-802.3ad EtherChannel link redundancy
-Powersupply redundancy through an External Redundant power Supply(RPS)



Security based features
-Supports 802.1x authentication
-MAC address-based port security
-Cisco security VLAN ACLs(VACLs) on all VLANs to prevent unauthorized data flows to be bridged within VLANs
-Cisco standard and extended IP security Router ACLs(RACLs)define security policies on routed interfaces for control plane and data plane traffic
-Port-based ACLs(PACLs) for Layer 2 interfaces allow security policies to be applied on individual switch ports
-Time based ACLs allow implementation of security settings during specific periods of the day or days of week
-Private VLAN edge provides security and isolation between ports on a switch, ensuring that users cannot snoop others users traffic
-User selectable address-learning mode simplifies configuration and enhances security


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]]> Technology, Cisco http://nityasworld.com/index.php?entry=entry080613-112919 nityanandparab@yahoo.com (Nityanand) Fri, 13 Jun 2008 11:29:19 GMT http://nityasworld.com/index.php?entry=entry080612-055440
Microsoft toll free number for activation of Microsoft products accessible from Airtel - 18001021100
ISS toll free number - 0008004401449
HP toll free number - 1800444999

Other many toll free numbers relevant to India are on this link

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]]> Technology http://nityasworld.com/index.php?entry=entry080612-055440 nityanandparab@yahoo.com (Nityanand) Thu, 12 Jun 2008 05:54:40 GMT http://nityasworld.com/index.php?entry=entry080611-103405 The URL is this one.


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]]> Technology, Cisco http://nityasworld.com/index.php?entry=entry080611-103405 nityanandparab@yahoo.com (Nityanand) Wed, 11 Jun 2008 10:34:05 GMT